The End Of The American Revolutionary War - 1595 Words

The end of the American Revolutionary War (1783), started enormous immigration from Europe. The new immigrants settled in the Northeast region of the United States and as a result, it began to experience street gangs. However, most organized and violent street gangs did not emerge in America until the beginning of the nineteenth century. As immigration continued street gangs emerged in the United States in four regions during different periods of time. These first gangs were mainly comprised of white immigrants from Northern and Western Europe who came to the United States from the time the Revolutionary War ended in 1783 through to approximately 1860. In 1820, a second wave of immigration from other parts of Europe – Italy, Poland and Ireland began to arrive, along with a large Jewish segment. As immigration grew throughout the United States, gangs began to spread throughout the remaining regions of the United States with African-American gangs throughout the South, Hispanic/ Latino gangs from Puerto Rico, Cuba, Dominican Republic, and Mexico as well other Central and South American countries spread to the West. Asian based gangs also began to emerge throughout the West and the remaining parts of the U.S. Throughout history there is one commonality for the emergence of gangs. Most gangs emerge and develop as each gang tries to establish their identity as well as their desire for money, prosperity and opportunity. They commonly believe they can acquireShow MoreRelatedThe End Of The American Revolutionary War1595 Words   |  7 Pages The end of the American Revolutionary War (1783), started enormous immigration from Europe. The new immigrants settled in the Northeast region of the United States and as a result, it began to experience street gangs. 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Key Success Factors for Online Advertising Free Essays

Social Advertising Catherine Tucker? February 15, 2012 Abstract In social advertising, ads are targeted based on underlying social networks and their content is tailored with information that pertains to the social relationship. This paper explores the e? ectiveness of social advertising using data from ? eld tests of di? erent ads on Facebook. We ? nd evidence that social advertising is e? ective, and that this e? cacy seems to stem mainly from the ability of targeting based on social networks to uncover similarly responsive consumers. We will write a custom essay sample on Key Success Factors for Online Advertising or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, social advertising is less e? ective if the advertiser explicitly states they are trying to promote social in? uence in the text of their ad. This suggests that advertisers must avoid being overt in their attempts to exploit social networks in their advertising. Catherine Tucker is Associate Professor of Marketing at MIT Sloan School of Management, Cambridge, MA. and Faculty Research Fellow at the NBER. Thank-you to Google for ? nancial support and to an anonymous non-pro? t for their cooperation. Thank-you to Jon Baker, Ann Kronrod, Preston Mcafee, and seminar participants at the George Mason University Roundtable on the Law and Economics of Internet Search, the University of Rochester, UCLA and Wharton for valuable comments. All errors are my own. ? 1 Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn. com/abstract=1975897 1 Introduction Recent advances on the internet have allowed consumers to interact across digital social networks. This is taking place at unprecedented levels: Facebook was the most visited website in the US in 2010, accounting for 20% of all time spent on the internet, a higher proportion than Google or Yahoo! ComScore, 2011). However, it is striking that traditional marketing communications have been at the periphery of this explosion of social data despite the documented power of social in? uence on purchasing behavior. Much of the emphasis on marketing in social media, so far, has been on the achievement of ‘earned reach,’ whereby a brand builds it s subscriber base organically and also hopes that this will in? uence others organically through sharing links with their social networks (Corcoran, 2009). However, recent research by Bakshy et al. 2011) has emphasized that this kind of organic sharing is far rarer than previously supposed, and that there are very few examples of a commercial message being consistently transmitted across social networks. Further, Tucker (2011a) shows that in order to achieve virality, an advertiser may have to sacri? ce the commercial e? ectiveness of their message. This means that advertisers may need to use paid advertising to facilitate the sharing of their commercial message through social networks. Both Facebook and LinkedIn have recently introduced a new form of advertising called ‘social advertising. A social ad is an online ad that ‘incorporates user interactions that the consumer has agreed to display and be shared. The resulting ad displays these interactions along with the use r’s persona (picture and/or name) within the ad content’ (IAB, 2009). This represents a radical technological development for advertisers, because it means that potentially they can co-opt the power of an individual’s social network to target advertising and engage their audience. This paper asks whether social advertising is e? ective, and what active steps advertisers themselves should take in their ads to promote social in? ence. 2 Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn. com/abstract=1975897 We explore the e? ectiveness of social ads using data from a ? eld experiment conducted on Facebook by a non-pro? t. This ? eld experiment compared the performance of social ads with conventionally targeted and untargeted ads. The social ads were targeted to the friends of ‘fans’ of the charity on Facebook. The ads featured that fan’s name and the fact that they had become a fan of this charity. We ? nd that on average these social ads were more e? ective than demographically targeted or untargeted ads. Further, this technique is useful for improving both the performance of demographically targeted and untargeted campaigns. Comparing the performance of these ads that contained the name of the fan and were targeted towards the fan’s friends with those that were simply targeted to that fan’s friends suggests that their e? ectiveness stems predominantly from the ability of social targeting to uncover similarly responsive consumers. We present results that suggest that as well as being more e? ective at gathering clicks, social advertising is also more e? ective at promoting actual subscriptions to the newsfeed and is more cost-e? ctive. We then turn to investigate how advertisers should word their social advertising. Through randomized ? eld tests, we investigate the e? ectiveness of advertisers deliberately promoting social in? uence in their advertising copy through including a statement that encourages the viewer to, for example, ‘be like their friend. ’ W e ? nd that consumers reject attempts by advertisers to explicitly harness or refer to a friend’s actions in their ad copy. This result contrasts with previous empirical research that ? nds consistent bene? ts to ? rms from highlighting previous consumer actions to positively in? ence the consumers’ response (Algesheimer et al. , 2010; Tucker and Zhang, 2011). This rejection is reasonably uniform across di? erent wording, though slightly less severe for ads that make a less explicit reference to friendship. We then present additional evidence to rule out two potential explanations for our ? ndings. First, we rule out that the overt mention of social in? uence simply made people aware they were seeing an ad rather than something organic to the site. We do this by comparing an ad that states it is an ad with an ad that does not, and ? nding no di? rence. 3 Second, to investigate whether it was simply bad advertising copy, we examined how the ads perform for a group of Fa cebook users who have shown a visible propensity for social in? uence. We identify such users by whether or not they have a stated attachment to a ‘Fashion Brand’ on their Facebook pro? le. These users, in contrast to our earlier results, react more positively to the advertiser explicitly co-opting social in? uence than to a message that did not. This suggests that it was not simply that the message was badly communicated, but instead re? cts a taste (or more accurately distaste) for explicit references to social in? uence among most, though not all, consumers. This research builds on a literature that has studied the interplay between social networks and word of mouth. Zubcsek and Sarvary (2011) present a theoretical model that examines the e? ects of advertising to a social network, but assume that a ? rm cannot directly use the social network for marketing purposes. Instead, ? rms have to rely on consumers to organically pass their advertising message within the soci al networks. There has been little work on advertising in social networks. Previous studies in marketing about social network sites have questioned how such sites can use advertising to obtain members (Trusov et al. , 2009), and also how makers of applications designed to be used on social network sites can best advertise their products (Aral and Walker, 2011) through viral marketing. Hill et al. (2006) show that phone communications data can be used to predict who is more likely to adopt a service, Bagherjeiran et al. (2010) present a practical application where they use data from instant messaging logs at Yahoo! to improve online advertising targeting, and similarly Provost et al. 2009) show how to use browsing data to match groups of users who are socially similar. Tucker (2011b) explores how privacy controls mediate the e? ectiveness of advertising on Facebook. However, to our knowledge this is the ? rst academic study of the e? ectiveness of social advertising. Managerially, our results have important implications. Social advertising and the use of onl ine social networks is e? ective. However, when advertisers attempt to reinforce this social 4 in? uence in ad copy, consumers appear less likely to respond positively to the ad. This is, to our knowledge, the ? st piece of empirical support for emerging managerial theories that emphasize the need for ? rms to not appear too obviously commercial when exploiting social media (Gossieaux and Moran, 2010). 5 2 Field Experiment The ? eld experiment was run by a small non-pro? t that provides educational scholarships for girls to attend high school in East Africa. Without the intervention of this non-pro? t, and other non-pro? ts like them, girls do not attend secondary school because their families prioritize the education of sons. Though the non-pro? t’s main mission is funding these educational scholarships, the non-pro? has a secondary mission which is to inform young people in the US about the state of education for African girls. It was in aid of this secondary mission that t he non-pro? t set up a Facebook page. This page serves as a repository of interviews with girls where they describe the challenges they have faced. To launch the ? eld experiment, the non-pro? t followed the procedure described in ‘A/B Testing your Facebook Ads: Getting better results through experimentation’ (Facebook, 2010) which involved setting up multiple competing campaigns. These ad campaigns was targeted to three di? erent groups as shown in Table 1. The ? st group was a broad untargeted campaign for all Facebook users aged 18 and older in the US. The second group were people who had already expressed interest in other charities. These people were identi? ed using Facebook’s ‘broad category targeting’ of ‘Charity + Causes. ’ The third group were people who had already expressed an interest in ‘Education + Teaching. ’ Previously, the charity had tried such reasonably broad targeting with little success and was hopeful that social advertising would improve the ads’ performance (Tucker, 2011b). In all cases, the charity explicitly excluded current fans from seeing its ads. For each of these groups of Facebook users, the non-pro? t launched a socially targeted variant. These ads employed the Facebook ad option that meant that they were targeted only to users who were friends of existing fans of the charity. This also meant that when the fan had not opted-out on Facebook, the ad also displayed a ‘social endorsement’ where the name of the friend was shown at the bottom of the ad as shown in Figure 1. 6 Table 1: Di? erent Groups Targeted Condition Untargeted Baseline: Only Shown Baseline text All people in US over age of 18 who are not fans of the non-pro? t already. All people in US over age of 18 who state a? nity with charities on their Facebook pro? le who are not fans of the non-pro? t already. All people in US over age of 18 who state a? nity with education on their Facebook pro? le who are not fans of the non-pro? t already. Social Variant: Shown all 5 texts from Table 2 All people in US over age of 18 who are friends of the non-pro? t’s supporters who are not fans of the non-pro? t already. All people in US over age of 18 who state a? nity with charities on their Facebook pro? le who are friends of the non-pro? t’s supporters who are not fans of the nonpro? already. All people in US over age of 18 who state a? nity with education on their Facebook pro? le who are friends of the non-pro? t’s supporters who are not fans of the nonpro? t already. Charity Education The non-pro? t varied whether the campaign was demographically targeted and whether the campaign was socially targeted, and also explored di? erent ad-text con ditions. Table 2 describes the di? erent ad-copy for each condition. Each di? erent type of ad-copy was accompanied by the same picture of an appealing secondary-school student who had bene? ted from their program. The socially targeted ads displayed all ? ve variants of the advertising message depicted in Table 2. For each of the non-socially-targeted campaigns, we ran the baseline variant of the ad text which, as shown in Table 2, simply says ‘Help girls in East Africa change their lives through education. ’ The non-pro? t could not run the other four conditions that refer to others’ actions, because federal regulations require ads to be truthful and they did not want to mislead potential supporters. The di? erent ad conditions were broadly designed to cover the kinds of normative and informational social in? ence described by Deutsch and Gerard (1955); Burnkrant and Cousineau (1975). 1 We want to be clear that we do not argue that these advertising measures 1 Other forms of social in? uence studied in the literature involve network externalities where there is a performance bene? t to multiple people adopting (Tucker, 2008). However, that does not seem to be relevant 7 Ta ble 2: Di? erent Ad-Text Conditions Condition Baseline Be like your friend Ad-Text Help girls in East Africa change their lives through education. Be like your friend. Help girls in East Africa change their lives through education. Don’t be left out. Help girls in East Africa change their lives through education. Your friend knows this is a good cause. Help girls in East Africa change their lives through education. Learn from your friend. Help girls in East Africa change their lives through education. Don’t be left out. Your friend knows Learn from your friend. capture all types of social in? uence or are necessarily successful at distinguishing between the di? erent types of social in? uence that are possible. The literature on social in? ence has emphasized that the underlying mechanism is nuanced and complex. Obviously, di? erent types of social in? uence relate and interact in ways that cannot be teased apart simply with di? erent wording. However, the variation in messages does allow us to study whether explicit advertising messages that attempt to use di? erent types of wording to evoke social in? uence are e? ective in general. Figure 1: Sample Ad Figure 1 displays an anonymized sample ad for a social ad in the ‘be like your friend’ condition. The blacked-out top of the ad contained the non-pro? t’s name. The grayedhere. out bottom of the ad contained a supporter’s name, who had ‘liked’ the charity and was a Facebook friend of the person who was being advertised to. It is only with developments in technology and the development of automated algorithms that such individualized display of the friend’s name when pertinent is possible. Table 3 describes the demographics of the roughly 1,500 fans at the beginning of the campaign. Though the initial fans were reasonably spread out across di? erent age cohorts, they were more female than the average population, which makes sense given the nature of the charity. At the end of the experiment, the fans were slightly more likely to be male than before. The way that Facebook reports data means that we have access to the demographics only of the fans of the charity, not of those who were advertised to. Table 3: Demographics of the non-pro? t’s fans before and after the ? eld experiment Age 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55+ Total Before Male 5 5 6 3 3 22 Experiment After Experiment Female Male Female 13 8 14 14 6 14 17 6 16 13 3 13 10 4 10 67 27 67 The ‘Total’ row does not add up to 100% because fans who are below 18 years of age are omitted. 9 3 Data The data that Facebook shares with advertisers is both anonymous and aggregate. This means that we cannot trace the e? ects of social advertising on the friends of any one individual. It also means that we cannot examine heterogeneity in the degrees of in? uence across individuals, as is studied, for example, by Godes and Mayzlin (2009) in their study of o? ine ? rm-sponsored communications. However, given that the central research question of the study is whether, on average, di? erent types of social advertising are more e? ective, the aggregate nature of the data is su? cient. Table 4 reports daily summary statistics for the campaigns in our data. Over a 5-week period, there were 630 observations. There were 18 campaigns in total that consisted of a) The three baseline conditions that were demographically targeted to everyone, charity-lovers and education-supporters and used the baseline text, and b) The ? fteen social ad conditions that had all the ? ve di? erent types of text, and socially targeted separately to everyone, charity-lovers and education-supporters. Table A2 in the appendix provides a summary of these campaigns. Table 4: Summary Statistics Mean Std Dev Min Max Average Impressions 13815. 13898. 6 1 98037 Average Clicks 5. 06 5. 17 0 37 Connections 2. 70 3. 52 0 24 Unique Clicks 5. 04 5. 14 0 36 Daily Click Rate 0. 11 0. 10 0 1. 27 Impression Click Rate 0. 045 0. 047 0 0. 50 Cost Per Click (USD) 0. 98 0. 40 0. 31 3. 90 Cost Per 1000 views (USD) 0. 52 1. 37 0 24. 5 Ad-Reach 6165. 7 6185. 0 1 60981 Frequency 2. 32 0. 82 1 9. 70 18 ad variants at the daily level for 5 weeks (630 observations) There are two click-through rates reported in Table 4. The ? rst click-through rate is the proportion of people who clicked on an ad that day. The denominator here is the 10 Ad-Reach measure that captures the number of people exposed to an ad each day. The second click-through rate is per ad impression. We focus on the former in our econometric analysis, because impressions can be a function of person refreshing their page or using the back button on the browser or other actions which do not necessarily lead to increased exposure to the ad. We show robustness subsequently to using this click-through rate per impression measure. Due to the relatively small number of clicks, these click through rates are expressed as percentage points or sometimes as fractions of a percentage point. In our regression analysis we also use this scaling in order to make our coe? cients more easily readable. 2 The data also contains an alternative means of measuring advertising success. The connection rate measures the number of people who liked a Facebook page within 24 hours of seeing a sponsored ad, where the denominator is the ad’s reach that day. We compare this measure to clicks in subsequent analysis to check that the click-through rate is capturing something meaningful. We also use the cost data about how much the advertiser paid for each of these ads in a robustness check. The data reassuringly suggests that there were only ? ve occasions where someone clicked twice on the ads. Therefore, 99. 8% of the click-through rate we measure captures a single individual clicking on the ad. 2 11 Figure 2: Social advertising is e? ective 4 4. 1 Results Does Social Advertising Work? First, we present some simple evidence about whether social advertising is more e? ective than regular display advertising. Figure 2 displays the basic comparison of aggregate (that is, across the whole ? ve-week period) click-through rates between non-socially-targeted ads and ads that were socially targeted. Since these are aggregate click-through rates they di? er from the daily click-through rates reported in Table 4. These are expressed as fractions of a percentage point. It is clear that social advertising earned far larger click-through rates. The di? erence between the two bars is quite striking. To check the robustness and statistical signi? cance of this relationship, we turn to econometrics. The econometric analysis is relatively straightforward because of the randomization induced by the ? eld tests. We model the click-through rate of campaign j on day t targeted to demographic group k as: 2 ClickRatejt = ? SocialT argeting Endorsementj + ? k + ? t + j (1) SocialT argeting Endorsementj is an indicator for whether or not this campaign variance was socially targeted and displayed the endorsement. Since Facebook does not allow the testing of these di? erent features separately, this is a combined (rather than separable) indicator. ?k is a ? xed e? ect that captures whether this wa s the untargeted variant of the ad. This controls for underlying systematic di? erences in how likely people within that target and untargeted segment were to respond to this charity. We include a vector of date dummies ? t . Because the ads are randomized, ? t and ? k should primarily improve e? ciency. We estimate the speci? cation using ordinary least squares. Though we recognize that theoretically a click-through rate is bounded at one hundred since it is measured in percentage points, click-through rates in our data are never close to this upper bound or lower bound. 3 Table 5 reports our initial results. Column (1) presents results for the simple speci? cation implied by equation (1) but without the date and demographic controls. The point estimates suggest that social targeting and a friend’s endorsement increased the average daily clickthrough rate by around half. Column (2) repeats the analysis with the controls for date. It suggests that after controlling for date, the result holds. This is reassuring and suggests that any unevenness in how ads were served across days does not drive our results. It also suggests that our result is not an artifact of a failure of randomization. Column (3) adds an extra coe? cient that indicates whether that campaign was untargeted rather than being targeted to one of the customer groups identi? d as being likely ‘targets’ by the non-pro? t We also tried alternative speci? cations where we use the unbounded clicks measure (rather than a rate) as the dependent variable and show that our results are robust to such a speci? cation in Table A1, in the appendix. 3 13 – Educational and Charity supporters. It suggests that indeed, as expected, an untarge ted campaign was weakly ine? ective, though the estimate is not signi? cant at conventional levels. We speculate that the apparent weakness of demographic targeting may be because target markets of charity and educational supporters is reasonably broad, and consequently may have ontained many individuals who would not support an international charity. An obvious question is what explains the success of social advertising. One explanation is that the endorsement of a friend is informative. Another explanation is that social targeting uncovers people who will be more likely to be interested in their charity as they are similar, in unobserved ways, to their friends who are already fans of the charity. Manski (1993) pointed out that this particular issue of distinguishing homophily (unobserved characteristics that make friends behave in a similar way) from the explicit in? ence of friends on each other is empirically problematic. Ideally, to address this we would simply randomize whethe r users saw the endorsement or not. However, Facebook’s advertiser interface does not allow that. What we can do is take advantage of the fact that sometimes ads are shown to people without the endorsement if that fan has selected a privacy setting which restricts the use of their image and name. The interface which users use to do this is displayed in Figure A1; all users do is simply select the ‘No One’ rather than the ‘Only my friends’ option. Of course, this will not represent perfect randomization. It is likely that the fans who select stricter privacy settings di? er in unobserved ways from those who do not, and that therefore their social networks may di? er as well. However, despite this potential for bias, this does represent a useful opportunity to try to disentangle the power of social targeting to enable homophily and the power of personal endorsements. Column (4) displays the results of a speci? cation for equation (1) where the dependent variable is the conversion rate for these socially targeted but not socially endorsed ads. Here for ads that were being shown to friends, the click-through rate was only calculated for occasions when the endorsement was not shown. A comparison of Column 14 (3) and Column (4) in Table 5 makes it clear the ads that were displayed to friends of fans but lacked a clear endorsement were less e? ective than those that had a clear endorsement. However, they were still measurably more e? ective than non-socially-targeted ads. It appears that, roughly, the endorsement accounted for less than half of the persuasive e? ect and the ability to use social networks to target the ad accounted for slightly more than half of such ads’ e? acy. Columns (5) and (6) of Table 5 estimate the speci? cation separately by whether the campaign was targeted or untargeted. Though the point estimate for the targeted campaigns is higher, it is notable that social advertising improved the performance of both targeted and untargeted campaigns. Given the widely reported lack of e? cacy of untargeted campaigns (Reiley and Lewis, 2009), the increase in e? ectiveness allowed by social advertising appears large for untargeted campaigns. 15 Table 5: Social Targeting and Endorsement is E? ective (4) No Endorsement Click Rate SocialTargeting Endorsement All (1) Click Rate 0. 0386 (0. 0123) (2) Click Rate 0. 0385 (0. 0108) 0. 0287 (0. 0143) -0. 000275 (0. 0122) 0. 0794 (0. 0116) 0. 0132 (0. 0166) (3) Click Rate 0. 0386 (0. 0125) Untargeted (5) Click Rate 0. 0297 (0. 00755) Targeted (6) Click Rate 0. 0376 (0. 00927) SocialTargeting Untargeted Constant 16 Date Controls No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Observations 630 630 630 630 210 420 Log-Likelihood 542. 1 610. 3 610. 3 427. 8 187. 7 452. 3 R-Squared 0. 0221 0. 212 0. 212 0. 119 0. 317 0. 228 OLS Estimates. Dependent variable is the percentage point of people who click on the ad. Dependent variable in Columns (4) for social ads is the percentage point daily click-through rate of ads that did not display the endorsement. Robust standard errors. * p 0. 10, ** p 0. 05, *** p 0. 01 4. 2 Robustness Table 6 checks the robustness of the ? nding that social targeting and endorsement are effective, to di? erent de? nitions of the dependent variable. Column (1) reports the results of using a dependent measure which is the percentage click-through per impression. Again, we ? nd that social advertising is more e? ective, though the e? ectiveness is less pronounced and less precisely estimated than before. This suggests that the appeal of social advertising is not necessarily enhanced by multiple exposure. It could also, of course, merely re? ect noise introduced into the process by someone refreshing their browser multiple times. The results so far suggest that consumer privacy concerns or the intrusiveness of such ads do not seem to outweigh the appeal of social advertising for consumers. 4 There is always the possibility of course that people clicked on the ads because they were annoyed or wanted to understand more the extent of privacy intrusion rather than because the ads were actually e? ective. To explore this, we estimate a speci? cation where the dependent measure was the proportion of clicks that became subscribers of the newsfeed. The results are reported in Column (2). We see that again social advertising appears to be more e? ective at encouraging Facebook users to take the intended action as well as simply clicking. This is evidence that people are not clicking on social ads due to annoyance at their intrusiveness but instead are clicking on them and taking the action the ads intend to encourage them to take. Untargeted ads are less likely to lead to conversions than those targeted at appropriate demographics. This makes sense – these people are being targeted precisely because they are the kind of people who have signed up for such news feeds in the past. A ? nal question is whether ads that are socially targeted and display endorsements are more expensive for advertisers, thereby wiping out their relative e? ectiveness in terms of return on advertising investment. We explore this in Column (3) of Table 6. There are This may be because Facebook users ? nd it reassuring that these ads, though narrowly targeted, are not overly visually intrusive (Goldfarb and Tucker, 2011). 4 17 everal missing observations where there were no clicks that day and consequently there was no price recorded. In Column (3), we report the results of a speci? cation where our explanatory variables is the relative price per click. The results suggest that advertisers pay less for these clicks that are socially targeted. This suggests that Facebook is not charging a premium for this kind of advertising. Though Facebook shrouds in secrecy the precise pricing and auction mechanism underlying their advertising pricing, this result would be consistent with a mechanism whereby advertisers pay less for clicks if they have higher clickthrough rates. In other words, prices paid bene? t from an improved ‘quality-score’ (Athey and Nekipelov, 2011). The results also suggest that advertisers pay less for demographically untargeted clicks which is in line with previous studies such as Beales (2010). Table 6: Social Advertising is E? ective: Checking robustness to di? erent dependent variables SocialTargeting Endorsement (1) Click Rate (Multiple) 0. 0108 (0. 00501) 0. 00526 (0. 00582) Yes 630 1086. 5 0. 150 (2) Clicks to Connections Rate 0. 433 (0. 0997) -0. 321 (0. 0768) Yes 554 -467. 5 0. 163 (3) Cost Per Click (USD) -0. 95 (0. 0480) -0. 177 (0. 0520) Yes 559 -129. 0 0. 426 Untargeted Date Controls Observations Log-Likelihood R-Squared OLS Estimates. Dependent variable is the click-through rate (expressed as a fraction of a percentage point) for impressions in Column (1). Dependent variable in Column (2) is the clicks to conversions rate. Dependent variable in Column (3) is cost per click. Robust standard errors. * p 0. 10, ** p 0. 05, *** p 0. 01 4. 3 What Kind of Social Advertising Messages Work? We then go on to explore what kind of advertising message works in social ads. We distinguish between ads that rely simply on the Facebook algorithm to promote social in? uence by featuring the automated endorsement at the bottom of their ad, and ads that explicitly refer to this endorsement in their ad copy. 18 Table 7: Social Advertising is Less E? ective if an Advertiser is Too Explicit (3) No Endorsement Click Rate SocialTargeting Endorsement All (1) Click Rate 0. 0577 (0. 0139) (2) Click Rate 0. 0571 (0. 0113) 0. 0333 (0. 0168) -0. 0287 (0. 00886) -0. 000463 (0. 0122) -0. 0136 (0. 0115) -0. 0189? (0. 01000) -0. 0378 (0. 0115) -0. 0429 (0. 0144) -0. 101 (0. 0124) Yes 630 615. 4 0. 225 Yes 630 618. 1 0. 232 Yes 630 429. 5 0. 124 Yes 210 189. 6 0. 329 Yes 420 461. 0 0. 260 -0. 000281 (0. 0177) 0. 0161 (0. 0169) -0. 0303? (0. 0167) -0. 0284 (0. 0124) Untargeted (4) Click Rate 0. 0498 (0. 0245) Targeted (5) Click Rate 0. 0527 (0. 0130) SocialTargeting SocialTargeting Endorsement ? Explicit Untargeted SocialTargeting Endorsement ? Don’t be left out Social Targeting Endorsement ? Be like your friend SocialTargeting Endorsement ? Learn from your friend 19 SocialTargeting Endorsement ? Your friend knows SocialTargeting ? Explicit Date Controls Observations Log-Likelihood R-Squared OLS Estimates. Dependent variable is the percentage points of people who click on the ad. Dependent variable in Columns (3) adjusted for social ads so that is the percentage point daily click-through rate of ads that did not display the endorsement. Robust standard errors. * p 0. 10, ** p 0. 05, *** p 0. 01 We use the additional binary indicator variable Explicitj to indicate when the advertiser uses a message that evokes social in? uence explicitly in their ad copy, in addition to the social endorsement automated by the Facebook algorithm. This covers all the non-baseline conditions described in Table 2. We interact this with the SocialT argeting Endorsementj , meaning that SocialT argeting Endorsementj now measures the e? ect of the baseline effect, and the interacted variable measures the incremental advantage or disadvantage of mentioning the friend or the potential for social in? uence in the ad. Column (1) of Table 7 reports the results. The negative coe? cient on the interaction between Explicit and SocialT argeting Endorsementj suggests that explicit reference to a social in? uence mechanism in the ad a? ected the performance of the ad negatively. That is, when the advertiser themselves were explicit about their intention to harness social in? uence, it back? res. Further, the large point estimate for SocialT argeting Endorsementj suggests that the baseline message is even more e? ective than the estimates of Table 5 suggested. Column (2) in Table 7 reports the results of a speci? cation where we break up Explicit by the di? erent types of ‘social in? uence’-focused advertising messages featured in Table 2. It is striking that all measures are negative. It is also suggestive that the one message that was not statistically signi? ant and had a smaller point estimate than the others did not refer to the friend explicitly but instead referred obliquely to the friend’s action. This is speculative, since the point estimate here is not statistically di? erent from the others due to its large standard error. Column (3) repeats the exercise for the click-through rate for the ads that did not display an endorsement that we investigated in Table 5. Since these ads did not display the friend’s name at the bottom, it should not be so obvious to a viewer that the ? rm is explicitly trying to harness the social in? uence that results from the friend being a fan of the charity. We recognize that there may of course be some confusion at the mention of a friend when no name is displayed, but this confusion should work against us rather than for us. In this case, 20 we do not see a negative and signi? cant e? ect of the ‘Explicit’ advertising message which referred to a friend. This suggests that it was the combination of the friend’s name and the mention of social in? uence which was particularly o? -putting. The results in Column (3) suggest that what is damaging is the combination of an advertiser making it explicit they are trying to harness social in? ence and the algorithmic social advertising message. We next explored whether this ? nding that attempts by advertisers to explicitly harness social in? uence in their ad text damaged the e? ectiveness of social advertising di? ered by the target group selected. Column (4) presents the results for the campaign that was targeted at friends of fans who were simply over 18 years old and base d in the US. Column (5) presents the results for the group of users whom the charity selected as being in the target ‘demographic’ groups for the campaign – that is users whose Facebook pro? e revealed their support for other educational and charitable causes. What is striking is the similarity of the estimates for the e? cacy of social advertising and the damage done by the advertiser being overly explicit about social in? uence across Columns (4) and (5). Again, similar to the results reported in Table 5 social advertising appears to be able to o? er as nearly as large a lift to ad e? cacy for an untargeted population as a targeted one. 4. 4 Behavioral Mechanism We then collected additional data to help rule out alternative explanations of our ? nding that the explicit mention of social in? ence was undesirable in social ads. One obvious potential explanation is that what we are measuring is simply that people are unaware that what they are seeing is actually a n ad, rather than part of Facebook. When a non-pro? t uses a message such as ‘Be like your friend’ then it becomes obvious that this is an ad, and people respond di? erently. To test this, we persuaded the non-pro? t to run a subsequent experiment that allowed us to explicitly tease this apart. In this experiment we compared the performance of ads that said ‘Please read this ad. Help girls in East Africa 21 change their lives through education. , and ads that simply said ‘Help girls in East Africa change their lives through education. ’5 If it is was the case that Facebook users were simply mistaking socially targeted ads for regular content and the explicit appeals to social in? uence stopped them making this mistake, we would expect to also see a negative e? ect of wording that made it clear that the message was an ad. However, it appears that adding ‘Please read this ad’ if anything helped ad performance, which suggests that it was not the case that Facebook users were simply mistaking socially targeted ads for content if there is no explicit message. Obviously, though, the sample size here is very small, making more de? nitive pronouncements unwise. Table 8: Not Driven by Lack of Awareness of Advertising or Universally Unappealing Ad Copy Knowledge (1) Click Rate 0. 0312? (0. 0160) 0. 0114 (0. 0288) Fashion (2) Click Rate 0. 0194 (0. 0208) 0. 0376? (0. 0221) 0. 0449? (0. 0254) -0. 00448 (0. 0218) 0. 0172 (0. 0254) 0. 127 (0. 0584) (3) Click Rate 0. 0182 (0. 0208) SocialTargeting Endorsement SocialTargeting Endorsement ? Explicit SocialTargeting Endorsement ? Don’t be left out SocialTargeting Endorsement Be like your friend SocialTargeting Endorsement ? Learn from your friend SocialTargeting Endorsement ? Your friend knows Date Controls Yes Yes Yes Observations 20 60 60 Log-Likelihood 55. 43 91. 77 103. 7 R-Squared 0. 916 0. 267 0. 508 OLS Estimates. Dependent variable is the percentage point of people who click on ad that day. Robust standard errors. * p 0. 10, ** p 0. 05, *** p 0. 01 Recent research has questioned the use of the imperative in advertising copy, which is why we used ‘please’ (Kronrod et al. , 2012) 5 22 Another alternative explanation for our ? dings is that the messages referring to the friend were poorly-written or unappealing. To test whether this was the case, we selected an alternative set of users whom might be expected to react in an opposite way to potential presumptions of social in? uence. Speci? cally, the charity agreed to run test conditions identical to those in Table 2 for the people who expressed a? nity with ‘Fashion’ goods on their Facebook pro? les. The Fashion category of users were chosen because typical models of social in? uence have focused on fashion cycles (Bikhchandani et al. , 1992). These models emphasize the extent to which people who participate in Fashion cycles receive explicit utility from conformity, even when this conformity is provoked by a ? rm. In other words, they may ? nd advertiser-endorsed social in? uence more persuasive and advertiser attempts at emphasizing the power of social in? uence more acceptable than the general population does. This group of users exhibits a very di? erent pattern to that exhibited by the general population. They appear to respond somewhat positively to social advertising, though this estimate is imprecise and the point estimate is smaller than for the other conditions. However, strikingly, they reacted particularly positively to advertising messages that emphasized social in? uence and the actions of the friend in the ad copy. In other words, social advertising for this group worked even when the advertiser explicitly embraced the potential for social in? uence. This result suggests that there may be heterogeneity in consumer responses to the wording of social advertising messages depending on their previous consumption patterns. This is evidence against an alternative explanation for our results in Table 7 based on these advertising messages which explicitly refer to the potential for social in? ence being confusing or overly wordy, since they were e? ective for this group of Fashion fans. In general, the results of Tables 7 and 8 suggest that there is heterogeneity in distaste for advertiser attempts to harness social in? uence given previous consumption patterns, but that for the average person the e? ects are negative. 23 5 Implications How hel pful is data on social relationships when it comes to targeting and delivering advertising content? This paper answers this question using ? eld test data of di? erent ads on the large social network site Facebook. We ? nd evidence that social advertising is indeed very e? ctive. This is important, as for the past few years social network websites have often been dismissed by advertisers as venues for ‘paid media’, that is, paid advertising. Instead, the emphasis was on ‘earned’ or organic media whereby social networks were venues for organic word of mouth. This dismissal of paid advertisements was echoed in the popular and marketing press with headlines such as ‘Online Social Network and Advertising Don’t Mix’ and ‘Facebook Ad Click-Through Rates Are Really Pitiful’ (Joel, 2008; Barefoot and Szabo, 2008). Our results suggest, however, that as social advertising develops this will change swiftly. In particular, social networks will be able to exploit their considerable inherent network e? ects to enlarge their share of advertising dollars. Strikingly, we ? nd that the average Facebook user appears to ? nd social advertising as done by the standard Facebook algorithm appealing. However, when advertisers attempt to emulate or reinforce this social in? uence, consumers appear less likely to respond positively to the ad. Speculatively, the results suggest that intrusive or highly personal advertising is more acceptable if done algorithmically by a faceless entity uch as a computer than when it is the result of evident human agency. Very speculatively, there is perhaps a parallel with users of web-based email programs accepting an algorithm scanning their emails to serve them relevant ads when the interception of emails by a human agent would not be acceptable. Our results suggest that social advertising works well for both targeted and untargeted populations, which may mean that social advertising is a particularly useful technique when 24 advertising to consumers outside the product’s natural or obvious market segment since their are less obvious ways of targeting in these settings. The majority of this e? cacy appears to be because social targeting uncovers unobserved homophily between users of a website and their underlying receptiveness to an advertising message. There are of course limitations to our study. First, the non-pro? t setting may bias our results in ways that we cannot predict. Second, the aims of the non-pro? t also means the outcome measure we study is whether or not people sign up to hear more about the nonpro? t, rather than studying the direct e? ect of advertising on for-pro? t outcomes such as customers making purchases. Third, we studied this advertising at a time when Facebook was just launching and promoting its social advertising features. It is not clear whether the results will be as strong if the advertising market becomes saturated with social ads. Notwithstanding these limitations, we believe that this paper makes a useful contribution in terms of documenting when social advertising is useful and when it is not. 25 References Algesheimer, R. , S. Borle, U. M. Dholakia, and S. S. Singh (July/August 2010). The impact of customer community participation on customer behaviors: An empirical investigation. Marketing Science 29 (4), 756–769. Aral, S. and D. Walker (September 2011). Creating social contagion through viral product design: A randomized trial of peer in? uence in networks. Management Science 57 (9), 1623–1639. Athey, S. and D. Nekipelov (2011). A structural model of sponsored search advertising auctions. Mimeo, Berkeley. Bagherjeiran, A. , R. P. Bhatt, R. Parekh, and V. Chaoji (2010). 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Endorsement A-1 Table A1: Robustness of Table 5 to using number of clicks as dependent variable OLS (1) Average Clicks SocialTargeting Endorsement 1. 991 (0. 394) -0. 0385 (0. 422) 0. 000405 (0. 0000443) Poisson (2) Average Clicks 0. 258 (0. 0746) 0. 134 (0. 0817) 0. 0000327 (0. 00000638) Negative Binomial (3) Average Clicks 0. 230 (0. 0922) 0. 187 (0. 123) 0. 0000455 (0. 0000135) Untargeted Ad-Reach Date Controls Yes Yes Yes Observations 630 630 630 Log-Likelihood -1484. 8 -1417. 6 -1394. 7 R-Squared 0. 755 OLS Estimates in Columns (1)-(2). Dependent variable is the Number of clicks on the ad in Columns (3)-(4). Robust standard errors. * p 0. 10, ** p 0. 05, *** p 0. 01 A-2 Table A2: Summary of 18 Campaigns Campaign 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Social Ad? Social Advertising Social Advertising Social Advertising Social Advertising Social Advertising Social Advertising Social Advertising Social Advertising Social Advertising Social Advertising Social Advertising Social Advertising Social Advertising Social Advertising Social Advertising Non-Social Advertising Non-Social Advertising Non-Social Advertising Demo Targeting? Demo 1 Targeted Demo 1 Targeted Demo 1 Targeted Demo 1 Targeted Demo 1 Targeted Demo 2 Targeted Demo 2 Targeted Demo 2 Targeted Demo 2 Targeted Demo 2 Targeted Untargeted Untargeted Untargeted Untargeted Untargeted Demo 1 Targeted Demo 2 Targeted Untargeted Message Baseline Message 1 Message 2 Message 3 Message 4 Baseline Message 1 Message 2 Message 3 Message 4 Baseline Message 1 Message 2 Message 3 Message 4 Baseline Baseline Baseline A-3 How to cite Key Success Factors for Online Advertising, Essay examples

Project Manager Roles

Question: Critically evaluate the role and responsibility of the project manager and analyse the tools and techniques employed in the field of project management. Answer: Critical review of Journal article under consideration: Abiodun, E.J.A., 2009. Human Resources management, an overview. 110-121: Concept Publication. Andries, A.M., Apetri, A.N. Cocris, V., 2012. The impact of the banking system reform on banks performance. African Journal of Business Management Vol 6(6), pp.2278-84. Armstrong, M., 2006. A handbook of Human Resource Management Practice (10th edition). London: Kogan Page. Baker, D.C., 2014. Great Project Managers. [Online] Available at: https://99u.com/articles/6946/top-10-characteristics-of-great-project-managers. Barney, J., 2001. The resource-based view of the firm: Ten years after 1991. Journal of Management, Vol. 27, pp.625-41. Barron, W., 2014. Flexibility and work-life balance: who benefits? In Human Resource Management in Australia. 5th ed. 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Ethical behavior and social responsibility in organizations: process and evaluation. Management Decisions., 45(1), pp.76-88. Ganaway Nick, B., 2006. Construction business management: A guide to contracting for business success. Auchmuty. Gill, R., 2002. Change management or change leadership? Journal of Change Management, pp.3 (4), 307-318. Hillson, D., 2009. Managing Risk in Projects (Fundamentals of Project Management). Gower. Ika, L.A., Diallo, A. Thuillier, D., 2010. Project Management in the International development industry: The project coordinator's perspective. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business., 3(1), pp.61-93. Institiute, P.M., 2009. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge: PMBOK Guide. 4th ed. Project Management Institute. Kerzner, H., 2009. Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling and Controlling. 9th ed. John Wiley and Sons. LT Construction, 2014. International projects. [Online] Available at: https://www.lntecc.com/homepage/common/interprojects.htm. Meredith, J.R., 2014. Project management in practice. (Fifth Edition). Wiley. MetropolitanWashingtonAirportAuthority, 2008. Dulles Corridor Metrorail Project. [Online] Available at: https://www.dullesmetro.com/pdfs/FinalPMPV6-0.pdf [Accessed 03 February 2015]. Nokes, S., 2007. The Definitive Guide to Project Management. Financial Times. Schwabe, K., 2014. Information technology project management. (Seventh Edition). Cenage Learning. Smith, K.A., 2014. Teamwork and project management.(Fourth Edition). McGraw-Hill Education. Steadman, M.E.a.R.F.G., 2005. Implementing accounting education change: Bringing accounting graduates into the management mainstream. Managerial Auditing Journal, pp.10(3), 3-7. SupplyManagement.com, 2004. Oxfam targets better procurement. [Online] Available at: https://www.supplymanagement.com/news/2004/oxfam-targets-better-procurement [Accessed 11 December 2014]. Background: The study is about comparing and finding out relations between the project management efforts and project success following proper success criteria. This study has been done to give support to the idea that the success of a project does not only depends on its prior project planning but also on its monitoring and evaluation using right mix of tools and techniques in the project management. This way the project monitoring and evaluation helps in leaving long term impact on the project completion which proves to be more appropriate as per the project plans. The study has been carried by Lavagnon A. Ika, AmadouDiallo and Denis Thuiller. They carried out the study on 26 different countries in Africa. They actually used the method of questionnaire filling that was actually delivered to the sample population of 600 respondents through mail. There exists no hypothesis or research question in this research work; however the purpose or objective of the study is present. The purpose of the stu dy or main objective is stated as to analyze the empirical relationship among various Project Manager Efforts in the aid industry sector to accomplish project success using a definite set of success criteria and applying various Project Management tools. Literature Review: The researchers reviewed more relevant research studies that have been carried out earlier. These include the followings. According to Dvir and Lechler (2004) various known factors of the project management includes project mission, schedule, budget, scope, plan, and goal, progress measurement, monitoring and reporting. Out of these various factors, the project planning and monitoring is considered as vital factors that needs to be taken under consideration for successful project management. His research made in various companies during the early twenty first century proved that there exist various benefits of applying project management tools which enhances planning and monitoring of the projects. This way the project management techniques help in measuring quality of project to keep control and execute as per the plans. These techniques also help in achieving higher output and gains for the project but still does not ensures success of the project in the end. The reason can be the execution of the project management technique after careful selection and appropriate application. Therefore a proper Proj ect Life Cycle is suggested to be followed through evaluation of the data and information received through research process. This includes to add monitoring, controlling and report as an essential part after the planning process is over. The right monitoring, controlling and reporting can ensure that the project meets its planned outcome and will achieve its targets in the coming future. This way plans are nothing, but changing plans is everything. That is plans are formulated when the project work has not started. Later after the monitoring, controlling and evaluating process starts the project plan needs to apply changes to meet the new requirements. Various project management techniques are also suggested which includes the followings. Log frame or LF, Critical path method or CRM, Scheduling, Budgeting, Program Evaluation Review Technique or PERT. Etc. (Dvir Lechler, 2004) Fleming and Koppelman (2006), the process of implementation phase consisting of monitoring, controlling and reporting have proved to be a critical factor for the large projects to complete on time and as per the requirements. But the same approach has not proved completely effective for moderate size organizations. This is due to the fact that the project stakeholders interest and expectations varies from moderate to large organization. The large organization tends to achieve sustenance in the long run. On the other hand, moderate organization stakeholders has the main interest in earning profits and revenue from the project. Due to this reason the implementation phase of the project observes following a particular project plan in the large organizations but the changes are often seen to meet requirements in the short run by moderate organizations (Fleming Koppelman, 2006). Bersner and Hobbs (2004) identified seventy kinds of project management tools and techniques. They found out that the project managers often uses these different kinds of project management tools at different levels as per the project requirements without considering about the project characteristics. Thus the methods of application in the form of project management tools and techniques are varied but its selections as per the project characteristics depend on the project manager. This way the efficient and effective selection of the project management tools and techniques helps in achieving higher gains and profits for the organization by fulfilling the project and reaching its completion on time and within the available financial constraints. Any wrong selection made by the project management in deciding the project management tools and techniques will certainly cause unnecessary delays and over cost in the project plans(Besner Hobb, 2004). Literature review establishing research needs: The literature review establishes the base as of why the research was necessary or needed. Research was needed actually to take a next step towards the prior research by identifying the factors that could help in successful project completion other than project planning. These way ten factors were identified in the research. These would actually help in acting as a deciding measure to achieve project targets. This way the use of latest project management tools and techniques were made to analyze the factors and find out the desired outcome from them. The research therefore suggested various project management tools and techniques which can be used as measures that were used in the research were as follows. Log frame or LF. Work breakdown structure or (WBS). Activities/responsibilities (CHART). Codification of tasks (CODFIT). Budgeting of tasks (BUDGT). Critical Path Method (CPM). Work Progress Monitoring (MONITW). Monitoring of disbursements (MONITD). Performance indicators (PI). Microsoft project software (MSP). (Ganaway Nick, 2006) These way different measures of project management were actually utilized to achieve the desired outcome from the research. Sample and Data collection: Sample: The sample is a small group which should represent the total study population. When looking at the sample you should pose the following questions: The sample population was 600 recipients of questionnaires in 26 different countries in Africa. These were actually project managers who were taking up with one or other project management task for their respective organization. This way the study population in this journal research paper includes the project managers in 26 countries in Africa. These are the people who are a vital part of the research as the research intends to find out their response to evaluate the practical implications that are followed for any project completion and how it gets affected by different factors. The sample chosen from the study population is done at random. That is the smaple rare slected from the population of project managers in 26 countries. In this Journal research hpaper the sample chose are from the target population of the project managers who are taking up one or other project management project. A total of 600 samples were chosen from the population to get the desired response and output from them. The size of the sample is 600. They are selected from the population of project managers who takes not hand various projects meant to fulfill a particular target or support business process to the organization. The sample is representative as it has taken into consideration the project managers from different countries with different professional status in the organization. These way efforts are made to achieve a more generally acceptable outcome from the research. Data Collection: The researchers have justified in their choice of data collection tools. The tools used by the researchers include the followings. Log frame or LF. Work breakdown structure or (WBS). Activities/responsibilities (CHART). Codification of tasks (CODFIT). Budgeting of tasks (BUDGT). Critical Path Method (CPM). Work Progress Monitoring (MONITW). Monitoring of disbursements (MONITD). Performance indicators (PI). Microsoft project software (MSP). All the above stated statistical methods can help in getting the most appropriate outcome and could help in finding out correlation and variance between different factors under consideration in this research. Strength and Weaknesses: The strength and weakness of this method are as follows. Strength Use of latest techniques and tools of project management has been used. The questionnaires were designed efficiently to meet the desired outcomes. The questionnaires were asked from a good number of people which were termed as sample population consisting of 600 respondents. Efforts made to reach a far effective outcome through getting feedback from sample population from nearly 26 countries in Africa. The selection of various techniques in application has been applied in research. This includes Log frame, Codification of tasks, Budgeting of tasks, Critical Path Method, Work breakdown structure etc. The outcome is clearly stated in statistical form so that the evaluation can related the correlation between the various factors under consideration of the research work. Weakness: 1. Pilot survey was missing. 2. The sample population was disbursed in 26 countries which actually made it difficult to handle them. 3. The use of different techniques and tools was made instead of selecting on a few and most appropriate one for the research work. 4. In this world mailing is considered an old process and instead of that use of email was required to be done for this work this purpose. Data Analysis: The data collection method used was mailing of questionnaires to the 600 sample population which was selected at random so that the desired outcome can be achieved. The data is collected by following a below stated format for data collection. Identification of the project. Project appraisal. Negotiations and approval. Execution and supervision. Execution and completion. Ex-post evaluation. Assistance strategy. Hence the usage of mailing techniques for survey was used on 600 sample population consisting mostly of country in the Sahara region. The questions were mailed in English and French language as well. Nearly 350 questionnaires were in French while the rest 250 were in English. This way data if collected and later validated using the International Development Project Management or IDPM tools using extraction techniques which consider maximum likelihood. Also the use of x^2 test was done for further factor analysis and achieving correlation between the project success measures and Project managers efforts. There is no evidence of a pilot study which helps in getting applied the survey on few people response and compare it with the desired outcome before it is actually applied to whole sample population. Hence a lot of risk was taken while sending questionnaires which could have been curbed through pilot survey. The pilot survey actually could have helped in getting knowledge about the actual survey outcome when the response in pilot survey would have matched the requirements and helped in identifying the issues and problem that might have became obstacle in the actual research process(Nokes, 2007). Study results: The researchers conclusions about the literature are justified up to great extent. He actually wants to convey that mere making plans for the project do not ensure its successful completion. Therefore the plans must follow a definite method or tools of monitoring, controlling and reporting. These tools include methods like Log frame or LF, Critical path method or CRM, Program Evaluation Review Technique or PERT, Scheduling, budgeting etc. These are among the most common techniques that are developed overtime to efficiently and effectively manage the project completion through monitoring, controlling and reporting. There is a need for this study as it helps in further identification of the particular factors that are part of the monitoring, controlling and reporting process which could ensure completion of project and its accomplishment of desired goals. This research takes into consideration ten project success measures which could be responsible for the completion of the project in a stipulated time frame and within the constraints. These include the followings. Identification of the initial objectives of the project. Fixing project time. Fixing project budget. Output as per the estimates. Stakeholders interest is given due important.| Project has an opportunity of getting developed overtime through more time and money investment. Project meets the expectations of the planners. The beneficiaries achieve the satisfactory level of gains. The project shows visible benefits the organization. The project supports the organization process. Thus the above ten factors which are part of the project profile and project impact are considered in this research which will help in analyzing the benefits of monitoring, controlling and reporting to the organization other than just project planning. The main findings of the study were as follows. There existed a not so significant correlation that is between 15 to 31 percent for the project success and project manager tools. Project re-formulation and re-planning tools are among the vital tools that could help in achieving higher success rate. Project monitoring and evaluation helps in easy accomplishment of the project goals and objectives. Therefore there exists high correlation between the project manager efforts on one side and project success variables on the other side. Finally the project profile needs to include the respondents characteristics for further decision making process. (SupplyManagement.com, 2004) Discussion and Conclusions: The researcher made attempts to compare their findings with other research studies but the in-depth analysis and comparison was missing that could spell the main difference or similarities between the research outcomes. The researchers have answered the research question by identifying the main factor that are closely associated with the success rate and efforts of the project manager. The hypothesis were absent, however the research aim was achieved as it found out that the planning has lower correlation in comparison to the monitoring, controlling and reporting. The limitations of their study include the followings. There are not specific columns for research aim, research questions and research objectives. Project hypothesis is completely missing. The prior research does not consist of any qualitative or quantitative outcome that could actually be compared with the outcome of this study. The study findings therefore states that planning plays a lesser important role in project completion and its success. The major factor that correlates with the project success includes the project success factors and project manager efforts. This way an accurate conclusion has been drawn based on the study findings that planning is lesser important than execution, monitoring and reporting(Schwabe, 2014). Own Conclusions and recommendations: The data collection approach used by the researcher was a proper format as per the Baums cycle that can be displayed as follows. Image 1 Thus we see a proper planning and execution method had been followed for the research. The first step was the identification of the project. That is what the project meant to and what its motives were. The second step was project appraisal so that the pre-requisites for project can be easily identified well in advance. The next step was negotiations and approval of the main topics of research. The execution and supervision was later followed to achieve the most appropriate outcome from the research. The next followed was completion of the project and ex-post evaluation was followed so that the desired outcome was achieved and the research meet its target outcome. Finally assistance strategy was followed to reach outstanding outcome. This way proper handling of the survey of 600 people in 26 countries were handled with 350 French questionnaires and 250 English questionnaires. Also the uses of X^2 test was made along with the correlation analysis to measure the relation between the va rious project success measures discussed above with the project managers efforts. This way the study was easy to read as it used easy language to interpret and discuss the outcomes. The use of references at appropriate places further helped in identifying the context of various researchers in this journal research for the same purpose. The study was easy to interpret and the quantitative research methodology further helped in getting the first hand information and outcomes for the research work. The quantitative data was analyzed using the various statistical tools and techniques. These include the usage of followings. Log frame or LF. Work breakdown structure or (WBS). Activities/responsibilities (CHART). Codification of tasks (CODFIT). Budgeting of tasks (BUDGT). Critical Path Method (CPM). Work Progress Monitoring (MONITW). Monitoring of disbursements (MONITD). Performance indicators (PI). Microsoft project software (MSP). (Kerzner, 2009) The outcome of these research methods were used to get the x^2 test and correlation analysis to figure out the possible relation between the project success measures identified above with the efforts of the project manager. The study results were discussed under heading data analysis and results which was actually counted as sixth chapter. The results were presented clearly under different headings such as factor analysis consisting of principal component analysis like LF, WBS, and CPM, PERT etc. Then the correlation analysis was displayed along with different measures. These way efforts were made to showcase the coordinates of the toolboxes on the initial items. Finally the use of descriptive statistics study was made for the average composite to fetch the Project managers tools scores. The benefits of the findings be to the Project Management profession includes the following guidelines for the project manager to achieve high success in their project work. The project manager should consider all the factors that could affect the project. Not only planning for the project but also its effective monitoring, controlling and reporting should be given equal weight age while considering project related requirements. Project success depends on the selection of the most appropriate project management techniques and tools. The project manager responsibility starts with the project identification and planning. This continues till monitoring and controlling and finally ends up with the achievement of various project related goals and objectives. Proper steps are required to be followed to achieve fulfillment in different stages of project development and completion. (Businessballs, 2014) Recommendations: A number of recommendations can be given for the research. The use of hypothesis should be done in research work. The research should consist of prior studies. The research should compare the prior studies with the outcome of the study. The conclusion should be enhanced and made more reflective. The use of data facts and figures should be made along with the diagrams so that the attractive display of outcome can be made. (Barron, 2014) Bibliography Abiodun, E.J.A., 2009. Human Resources management, an overview. 110-121: Concept Publication. Andries, A.M., Apetri, A.N. Cocris, V., 2012. The impact of the banking system reform on banks performance. African Journal of Business Management Vol 6(6), pp.2278-84. Armstrong, M., 2006. A handbook of Human Resource Management Practice (10th edition). London: Kogan Page. Baker, D.C., 2014. Great Project Managers. [Online] Available at: https://99u.com/articles/6946/top-10-characteristics-of-great-project-managers. Barney, J., 2001. The resource-based view of the firm: Ten years after 1991. Journal of Management, Vol. 27, pp.625-41. Barron, W., 2014. Flexibility and work-life balance: who benefits? In Human Resource Management in Australia. 5th ed. Sydney: McGraw-Hill Australia. pp.315-16. Besner, C. Hobb, B., 2004. An empirical investigation of project management practice: In reality what tools do practitioners use? In D.P. Slevin, D.I. Cleland J.K. Pinto, eds. Innovations: Project Management Research. Newton Square: Project Management Institute. pp.337-51. Businessballs, 2014. Project Management. [Online] Available at: https://www.businessballs.com/project.htm [Accessed 27 April 2015]. CEB information Technology, 2012. Rules to Live By: 10 Guiding Principles for Project Management. [Online] Available at: https://www.executiveboard.com/blogs/rules-to-live-by-10-guiding-principles-for-project-management/. Dvir, D. Lechler, T., 2004. Plans are nothing, changing plans is everything: The impact of changes on project success. Research Policy, 33(1), pp.1-15. Fleming, Q.W. Koppelman, J.M., 2006. Earned Value Project Management. 3rd ed. Newton Square: Project Management Institute. Fray, A.M., 2007. Ethical behavior and social responsibility in organizations: process and evaluation. Management Decisions., 45(1), pp.76-88. Ganaway Nick, B., 2006. Construction business management: A guide to contracting for business success. Auchmuty. Gill, R., 2002. Change management or change leadership? Journal of Change Management, pp.3 (4), 307-318. Hillson, D., 2009. Managing Risk in Projects (Fundamentals of Project Management). Gower. Ika, L.A., Diallo, A. Thuillier, D., 2010. Project Management in the International development industry: The project coordinator's perspective. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business., 3(1), pp.61-93. Institiute, P.M., 2009. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge: PMBOK Guide. 4th ed. Project Management Institute. Kerzner, H., 2009. Project Management: A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling and Controlling. 9th ed. John Wiley and Sons. LT Construction, 2014. International projects. [Online] Available at: https://www.lntecc.com/homepage/common/interprojects.htm. Meredith, J.R., 2014. Project management in practice. (Fifth Edition). Wiley. MetropolitanWashingtonAirportAuthority, 2008. Dulles Corridor Metrorail Project. [Online] Available at: https://www.dullesmetro.com/pdfs/FinalPMPV6-0.pdf [Accessed 03 February 2015]. Nokes, S., 2007. The Definitive Guide to Project Management. Financial Times. Schwabe, K., 2014. Information technology project management. (Seventh Edition). Cenage Learning. Smith, K.A., 2014. Teamwork and project management.(Fourth Edition). McGraw-Hill Education. Steadman, M.E.a.R.F.G., 2005. Implementing accounting education change: Bringing accounting graduates into the management mainstream. Managerial Auditing Journal, pp.10(3), 3-7. SupplyManagement.com, 2004. Oxfam targets better procurement. [Online] Available at: https://www.supplymanagement.com/news/2004/oxfam-targets-better-procurement [Accessed 11 December 2014].

What Is Housework and What Changes Are Occurring in This Area of Work Today free essay sample

What is ‘housework’, and what changes are occurring in this area of work today? Broadly speaking, the term ‘housework’ is used to describe the management of the home, which ‘involves a range of activities, the purpose of which is to maintain household members’ (Hatt 1997: 39). Hatt discusses how the industrial revolution and the rise of capitalism created a tidal wave of mass social change; causing production to shift from within the household to the factory. The home is now the site of the ‘reproduction’ of labour, a role which has become strongly gendered; shaped by social policies and ideologies that maintain gender roles(Malos, 1980, Cooke, 2009). There have been a lot of significant changes occurring in the area of housework since the mid 20th century following feminist challenges to the gendered division of labour and social changes that have allowed women more equal opportunities into paid work. However, despite this men have not taken on their fair share of the housework leaving the women to do a ‘second shift’ (Edmond and Fleming, 1975, Craig, 2007). We will write a custom essay sample on What Is Housework and What Changes Are Occurring in This Area of Work Today? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Today the growing answer to the double shift for many middle class families is the paid domestic worker; and as a result of the growing demand for this service, large domestic leaning companies are commoditising domestic labour. Ehrenreich and Hochschild (2003) argue that despite technological advancements and lower standards of upkeep in the home, domestic cleaning companies strive to provide hard intensive domestic labour ‘the old fashioned way’. The home has become a paid workplace where a Taylorist standardised approach to cleaning is obligatory. Low paid domestic work has long been associated with certain ethnic minorities however; globalisation is intensifying such assertions by employing workers from underdeveloped countries who are willing to accept low wage work. These migrant domestic workers are also further exploited in an emotional sense. In this essay I am going to analyse and further discuss the changes that I have highlighted above, with a lot of reference to Ehrenreich and Hochschild (2003). The gendered division of labour and the gender stereotypes in respect to housework and domestic labour that we identify with today are a product of the capitalist society that we live in. Prior to the industrial revolution the home was itself a site of production for subsistence, and men and women shared domestic labour tasks, despite the fact that they had clearly defined roles both parties still made a near equal contribution to the well-being of the family (Hatt, 1997). Small scale production was also still prevalent in most working class homes at the beginning of the industrial revolution however, as consumption and production patterns changed and capitalism absorbed society and the state, the home became a site for the ‘reproduction’ of labour power (Malos, 1980). As Meillassoux (1972) argued this was the backbone of capitalist society as men were needed for their labour power, and women were encouraged to support the existing workforce; and provide and raise the future workforce (the children); by doing unpaid work in the form of ‘housework’. Malos (1980) argued that several social policies emerged in the wake of capitalism which drove women and children out of the realm of production; and the welfare state further supported that a woman’s place was in the home. Malos also recognised how unequal pay, education and employment opportunities kept women out of the labour market. The film Far from Heaven, Haynes (2002) illustrates how ideologies of femininity, masculinity and family played a significant part in shaping gender roles in the past. The woman is expected to run every single aspect of home life from morning till night, whilst the man plays no role in unpaid housework. The film highlights how advertisements and popular culture shaped the ideal family and shows the high standard of living that was the norm in those days. It also draws on the association of low paid domestic work and race; the black maid is the silent ‘help’ in the home, she does the more labour intensive domestic tasks and supports the impression of the ideal home (Bradshaw, 2003). Feminist movement in the 1960s and 70s sparked ground-breaking changes with regard to women’s employment and other social factors associated with the traditional housewife role. Although not all of these demands were met, women were still granted significantly better opportunities allowing them to more equally enter the realm of production (Malos, 1980). Though many households today are dual earning, and men are doing 240% more housework this is only 1. 7 hours per week, whilst women are doing 7% less this is still on average 6. hours per week (Ehrenreich and Hochschild, 2003). Malos (1980) argues that the struggle with the ‘second shift’ is still very much a burden for working class women, however the global middle class women can afford to pursue their career and maintain their marital home by employing a domestic cleaner. The growing demand for domestic labour is down to many economic and demographic forces however it is also a reflection of changes in society as modern couples want to avoid ‘gender and generational conflict over domestic work’ (Anderson 2003: 106). Women also want to convey the image that they can ‘do it all’, no longer is the simple housewife role socially accepted (Ehrenreich and Hochschild, 2003). The increase in demand is also an indicator of growing inequalities in society, as Ehrenreich (2003) argues in Maid to Order that 40 percent of wealth is owned by 1 percent of households, whilst the bottom 20 percent reports negative assets. These inequalities mean that more wage workers will readily accept low paid domestic work. The growing gap between rich and poor nations is also a significant factor and the growth of globalisation means that wealthy families can afford to essentially outsource labour from less developed countries, and ‘the degradation of others is readily purchased’ (Ehrenreich 2003: 85) Far from Heaven illustrates how the use of paid domestic workers is nothing new (Haynes, 2002); however, the commodification of this service is an altogether new and significant development in the area of housework today. The new corporate-run cleaning services advertise an older model of cleaning; ‘the old fashioned way’ (Ehrenreich, 2003). Ehrenreich and Hochschild (2003) argue that these companies pride themselves on their high standards of cleanliness for the home; and they achieve this by conveying associations with the traditional idea of the ideal home and ideal housewife of the fifties, as illustrated in Far from Heaven (Haynes, 2002). These companies are so successful because of the illusion that many modern women want to preserve of being able to â€Å"do it all†; by hiring a cleaner through an agency they have no personal human contact with the workers (Ehrenreich, 2003). As Ehrenreich (2003) argues; asking an independent hired housecleaners to scrub the floor on their hands and knees would be seen as degrading and unacceptable so these companies provide the service without the hassle. These cleaning agencies also ensure that homemakers do not have to rely on only one cleaner who may have other commitments or may need time off due to illness. For the householder the home is ‘home however for the paid domestic worker the home is essentially now ‘work’ and housework is their job. Domestic cleaning companies have implemented practises to ensure rder and division of labour in a Taylorist fashion (Ehrenreich, 2003). Whilst men are doing more in terms of housework, there are many women still doing the double shift especially in working class homes. However, the middle class are hiring paid domestic workers to do it for them, the home as a workplace is not a new development but the commodification of this service has led to huge changes in the area of housework today. The taylorisation of the home is one of the most significant developments. Globalisation has also led to more migrant workers than ever and resultantly the racialization of low paid domestic work. Bibliography BRADSHAW, P. 2003. Far from Heaven. The Guardian [Online]. COOKE, L. 2009. The Politics of Housework. In: JUDITH TREAS, S. D. (ed. ) Dividing the Domestic: Men, Women and household work in Cross-National Perspective. Stanford: Stanford University Press. CRAIG, L. 2007. Is There Really a Second Shift, and If so, Who Does It? A Time-Diary Investigation. Feminist Review, 149-170. EDMOND, W. amp; FLEMING, S. 1975. All work and no pay: women, housework, and the wages due, Power of Women Collective. EHRENREICH, B. 2003. Maid to Order. In: BARBARA EHRENREICH, A. H. (ed. ) Global Woman: Nanies, Maids and Sex Workers in the New Economy. London: Granta Publications. EHRENREICH, B. amp; HOCHSCHILD, A. R. 2003. Introduction. Global Woman: Nannies, Maids and Sex Workers in the New Economy. Granta Books. HATT, S. 1997. Housework, Childcare and Employment. In: CAMPLING, J. (ed. ) Gender, Work and Labour Markets. Basingstoke: Macmillan Press. Far From Heaven, 2002. Directed by HAYNES, T. MALOS, E. 1980. The Politics of housework, Allison amp; Busby. MEILLASSOUX, C. 1972. From reproduction to production. Economy and Society, 1, 93-105.

Persuasive portfolio of Net

Piece One Chosen Service: Net-A-Porter, an online luxury fashion retailer (Net-A-Porter 2013).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Persuasive portfolio of Net-A-Porter and Samsung Smart TV specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Target Audience: Online female customers, 18-55 years old. These women belong to the middle and upper-middle social classes, the customers are employed, and they have little time for shopping. The potential and existing female customers pay much attention to their look and appearance. The proposed piece is the 1-page advertisement which can be published in the magazines for women. Visuals: The provided visual is the high-quality photograph. The young woman worn the luxurious evening dress, a hat with feathers, and long gloves is depicted lying on a white sofa and looking directly into the lens. The woman is smiling. The colors and tones of the dress, hat, and gloves are purple. The background is da rk, with the focus on using dark-red and dark-purple colours, but it is possible to notice the elements of luxury in the room’s interior. On the right, there is a window. The white snow can be observed through the window. It is also possible to notice a laptop on the low table near the sofa because this modern laptop disharmonises with the whole picture and its style. The company’s logo is in the upper left corner of the page; the headline is centred on the page top. The body copy is presented in columns at the foot of the page. Copy: Headline: â€Å"Luxury is the must-have for your winter†. Body copy: â€Å"Net-A-Porter is the world-leading online fashion retailer which makes your days full of comfort and luxury because it is the first online retailer which combines the elements of luxury with the idea of comfort for women.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn Mo re Serving for women’s interests in the industry more than ten years, we know what women want to emphasise their elegance and to save their time. While visiting the Net-A-Porter website, the world of style and high fashion becomes closer, and luxury becomes your must-have with one click. Take a chance to make your winter warmer and more luxurious!† Explanation of Persuasive Techniques: The persuasive character of the piece is based on appealing to the target audience’s emotions. Thus, the main rhetoric appeal used in this form of the marketing communication is the pathos. The advertisement is effective to influence the female desire to receive the access to luxury in relation to fashion and style. The visual serves to develop the image of a successful woman for whom luxury related to clothing and style is something usual and available with the help of the Internet resources. The contrast in presenting the luxurious interior and dress along with the modern lapto p emphasises the idea of the fashion’s availability for each woman with the help of one click, as it is accentuated in the body copy. The observed contrast adds to appealing to the female customers’ emotions because they are expected to choose the online retailer as their source for high fashion items. The representatives of the target audience are expected to become interested in the high-quality photograph and to determine the connections between the idea of luxury and Net-A-Porter as the online luxury fashion retailer (Dahlen, Lange, Smith 2010, p. 103). The next step to affect the target audience’s behaviour is the manipulation of the notions typical for the fashion industry and observed in the magazines to develop associations. Thus, the headline states that â€Å"Luxury is the must-have for your winter†. ‘The must-have’ is associated with items which are discussed as fashionable during the certain season. The headline uses the pathos t o appeal to the women’s emotions and to make them believe that ‘luxury’ available with the help of Net-A-Porter resources is rather fashionable and popular during this winter. The combination of the pathos, ethos, and logos appeals is observed in the body copy of the advertisement. The logos and ethos appeals are used together to support each other in such a sentence as â€Å"Serving for women’s interests in the industry more than ten years, we know what women want to emphasise their elegance and to save their time†.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Persuasive portfolio of Net-A-Porter and Samsung Smart TV specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The appeal to credibility depends on describing the company’s experience with the help of providing the years of working within the industry. Moreover, this appeal serves as the argument for the next part of the sentence to appeal to the reason and logic. Thus, the company has the great experience in the industry and can satisfy the women’s needs appropriately. The phrase that â€Å"we know what women want to emphasise their elegance and to save their time† sounds confidently and assertively while contributing to the idea of the company’s credibility and expertise in relation to retailing high-quality products online. The open call to action based on the pathos is provided in the final sentence where the potential customers are asked to take a chance and make their winter warmer and more luxurious with references to the central idea of combining luxury and comfort aspects. Piece Two Chosen Service: Samsung (Smart TV) (Samsung Smart TV 2013). Target Audience: The existing customers who choose Samsung technologies and potential female and male customers who orient to choosing innovation, 21-50 years old. The customers are interested in new technologies and innovations in the sphere of television and Internet. The customers are also interested in Samsung products and the company’s research and development’s base. The proposed piece is the street billboard which can be copied as the advertisement for newspapers and magazines. Visuals: The background of the billboard is the cosmic space with sparkling stars and vivid meteors presented in dark-blue tones. The logo of the company is provided in the upper left corner. The headline is provided in bold caps at the top of the page.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The body copy is presented in a bullet form at the foot of the page, on the left. Multiple colourful images of modern TV sets are depicted as making a powerful space hopper. The image is located at the center of the billboard. Copy: Headline: â€Å"Power is in smartness: Widening the horizons with Samsung Smart TV†. Body copy: â€Å"- Samsung Smart TV is the new remarkable stage in the development of television and Internet technologies. Samsung Smart TV is based on knowledge and innovation. Samsung Smart TV is the source of power for you. Samsung Smart TV is your opportunity to widen the horizons and focus on new perspectives†. Explanation of Persuasive Techniques: The billboard works to persuade the target audience to choose Samsung products because the message is based on the AIDCA principle. The target audience consisting of men and women of 21-50 years old is expected to pay attention to the large and rather vivid billboard with the well-known company’s l ogo and bright image demonstrating the space hopper. The attention to the image of the space hopper made from TV sets using Samsung Smart TV is based on its unrealistic character. The next stage to persuade the target audience is in evoking the interest to the product. The headline works to provoke the customers’ interest with references to the ideas of power, smartness, and widened horizons. These concepts are closely associated with the people’s interests, needs, and desires. At this stage, the advertisement depends on the pathos because of appealing to the customers’ emotions and desires to become smarter, more powerful, and to learn more without being restricted by external forces. Furthermore, the target audience becomes more convinced that Samsung technologies can provide people with extreme opportunities in relation to power, knowledge, and smartness because the word ‘smartness’ is associated with the technologies’ name, Samsung Smart TV. This stylistic tautology serves to emphasise the meaning of Samsung Smart TV for creating the customers’ knowledge base and for widening their horizons with the help of these technologies. According to the AIDCA principle, the next stages are the stimulation of the customers’ desire to purchase the product and the call to action. Following the format of the billboard, the body copy information is provided in the bullet form in order to draw the target audience’s attention to the most important benefits and advantages of the product. In this case, the repetition of the product’s name at the beginning of the sentences as the anaphora also serves to draw the audience’s attention to the list of product’s advantages. The ideas listed in the bullet form reflect the idea presented in the headline while intensifying the persuasive effect (Yadin 2001, p. 38-42). From this point, all the rhetorical devices and communication techniques are combined to capture the attention and to produce the strong effect on the target audience. Reference List Dahlen, M, Lange, F, Smith, T 2010, Marketing communications: a brand narrative approach, John Wiley Sons, USA. Net-A-Porter 2013, https://www.net-a-porter.com/ua/en/. Samsung Smart TV 2013, https://www.samsung.com/us/. Yadin, D 2001, Creative marketing communications, Kogan Page Publishers, USA. This report on Persuasive portfolio of Net-A-Porter and Samsung Smart TV was written and submitted by user Jordyn D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Dragon ball z essays

Dragon ball z essays The characters that are drived from fiction and imagination consist of many different forms of character traits. They can have characteristics of courage, cleverness, strength, power, loyalty and other characteristics that make up him or her as a super hero, but the characteristics that he or she possesses will make him look masculine or feminine. The character I will be describing is Goku, a main character from a great cartoon Dragon Ball. Like Superman, he is from another planet sent by his father to Earth because his planet Vegita was destroyed. Goku is different from the people on Earth because he has extraordinary powers like Superman. He can fly, move mountains, run at a blitzing speed and has many other powers that puts him in a different class from the people on Earth. The characteristics that he embodies are undeniably a man's feature which he uses to save people's lives and use for the good of the people. The hero, Goku, is a seemingly invincible person with all the extraordinary traits required of a character of a male hero. He is able to use his super-human physical strength and courage to put his people before himself. He encounters hideous monsters and the most ferocious of beasts but he never fears the threat of death. His leadership skills are superb and he is even able to boast about all his achievements. He has little or no emotions that puts his work in the line of danger. His priority is always to save people and his friends. These characteristics of strength, courage, and loyalty are all characteristics that classifies him as masculine. ...